Base and Prime Editing

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A partial CRISPR prime editing schematic cartoon. The parts of the prime editor and pegRNA are indicated. The prime editor consists of a Cas9n H840A nickase fused to a reverse transcriptase (RT), while the pegRNA includes spacer, scaffold, RT template, and primer binding site (PBS) sequences. The desired edit is part of the RT template. In the first step, these components form a complex, bind target DNA, and nick the Cas9 non-target strand. An arrow leads to additional steps not shown in this preview.
A protein structure of ABE8e is shown, superimposed with cartoon representations of sgRNA and target DNA. Two TadA domains are highlighted. The catalytic domain contacts multiple bases of the non-target DNA strand, while the docking domain primarily contacts the other protein domains.
A smiling Blugene holds DNA
The nucleobases are shown with arrows describing conversions between them. In step one, an adenosine deaminase converts adenine to hypoxanthine (the nucleobase component of inosine); this is catalyzed directly by the base editor. Next, base excision of hypoxanthine (also by the base editor) could be repaired in two different ways by the cell, shown by an arrow that splits into two outcomes. The repair pathway leading to cytosine is favored by ACBEs, while the repair pathway leading to thymine is favored by AYBEv3 + Polη.
The nucleobases are shown with arrows describing conversions between them. In step one, a cytosine deaminase converts cytosine to uracil; this is catalyzed directly by the base editor. Next, base excision of uracil (also by the base editor) is repaired in two different ways by the cell, shown by an arrow that splits into two outcomes. Repair in E. coli leads to adenine, while repair in mammalian cells leads to guanine.
A cartoon depiction of cytidine base editing. A base editor, consisting of a cytidine deaminase fused to Cas9, is shown binding to DNA using its guide RNA. The guide RNA base pairs to target DNA, leaving the opposite strand of DNA free to be contacted by the cytidine deaminase, which converts a C to a U within this single-stranded sequence. This deamination yields DNA with a G:U mismatch without creating a double-strand break. Mismatch repair preserves the edit IF the modified strand is used as the template, converting the mismatched G to an A and yielding a single-base-pair edit.
A cartoon of a prime editor with two different edit sequences. The DNA sequences are shown with one strand edited and a 5′ DNA flap, before heteroduplex resolution and DNA repair.  The first edit has an unchanged PAM. This DNA is shown connected to the prime editor by a two-way arrow, indicating that the editor can re-bind. Re-nicking is represented by scissors and would remove the newly edited DNA.  The second edit has an altered PAM. A one-way arrow leads from the prime editor to this edit, indicating that the changed PAM prevents the editor from re-binding.
screenshot of various PRIDICT webpages

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